Tuesday, November 8, 2016

Introduction to Computer


Computer

The term 'Computer' originates from the word 'computare' which means to calculate. Computer is a fast and accurate electronic device that accepts data through input device then store and process them, and resulted data are displayed from output device.

Characteristics of Computer

1.       Speed :

Computer can do calculation at a very fast rate. It can even perform very complex calculations that human being may not be able to do. Generally, the speed of computer is measured in terms of fractions of second. Different terms are used to denote the speed as millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond, picoseconds and femtosecond.

2.       Storage:

A computer system can store a great amount of information in it. Computers have inbuilt and auxiliary memory. Any data or information stored in the memory can be retrieved any time and at lightning speed.

3.       Accuracy:

If the data and instruction given are correct, the result given by the computer will always be accurate. The term GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) applies in this contrast as, if we feed in wrong data then the computer will obviously give us wrong data.

4.       Versatility:

The computer is a versatile machine. Computer has the ability to communicate with other systems and adopt several modes like audio-visual,  graphics, user-friendly. The computers are very flexible in its operations. It has a wide range of applications and is used in different field like education, science and technology, astronomy, business, medicines, printing etc.

5.       Diligence:

The capacity of performing repetitive task without getting tired is called diligence capacity of computer. A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. it can work for hours without creating any error.

6.       Automatic:

This is an automatic machine and performs the work without intervention of user. User is required to give the data and utilize the result but the processing is automatic.

Advantages of computer:

  • Performance given by computer is 100% accurate and it is reliable than any other devices and human being.
  • Comparing with human being it is much faster.
  • Computer can be very useful in doing repeated job which man cannot do.
  •  Computer is versatile as it can do many types of jobs once at a time.
  • Computer can be used in different or multiple fields.
  • Impossible things can be done by using computer through simulation.

Disadvantages of computer:

  • It cannot be used on the dusty and rough environment.
  • Computer is very expensive so each and every people cannot afford the computer.
  • Although it is reliable, sometimes the failure of devices and program can produce unreliable results.
  • There is every chance of leakage of information because of dishonest people and hence it has less security.
  • After the advancement of computer, everyday piracy of intellectual properties in increasing.






Wednesday, October 26, 2016

How to convert video file into mp3 using VLC media player


Watch video here

Today I am going to tell about how to convert any video file to mp3 using free software VLC media player. It is very simple and fast as well. Let see how to do it.

First of all start your VLC media player. Click on Media menu, and select convert/save option from the drop down list. See pic 1
Picture 1


After this, a new dialog box will appear here you have to add the video that you want to convert, so click on Add button and select the video. 
Then click on convert/save button. see picture 2

Picture 2

Now you will see another dialog box, here you have to give a name to the audio file and give extension as .mp3(it is important otherwise your video will not converted to mp3).
Then choose Audio-Mp3 from the option list and click on start. see picture 3
Picture 3
Now your video is converting to mp3, it will take few minutes depends on the size of your video. Wait, once it is over your video is converted to mp3 and ready to hear.
If you like this article, pls click like and share it, and keep visiting for more new updates.

Monday, October 17, 2016

Generation of Computers - Grade XI

Generation in computer refers to the development of the technology. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technology development that fundamentally changed way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper and more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

First Generation of Computers: 1946 to 1958 AD



The technology used in these computers was Vacuum Tube. This technology was developed by Lee De Forest in 1908 AD.

Characteristic features of first-generation computers are as follows:

  •   They used vacuum tubes as an electronic circuit and a magnetic drum as a primary storage.
  •   They were extremely large and occupied a very large space.
  •   They consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat.
  •   They used machine level language for writing programs, which was tedious and time consuming.
  •   They had low level of accuracy and reliability.
  • They were restricted to commercial and scientific application

Examples: Mark I, UNIVAC, ENIAC, EDVAC, IBM 650 etc.

Second Generation of Computers: 1959 to 1964 AD



The technology used in these computers was Transistors. This technology was developed by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in 1947 AD.



Characteristic features of second-generation computers are as follows:

  •  Transistors were used as electronic circuit.
  • These computers used magnetic cores as primary data storage medium and magnetic tapes as secondary storage medium.
  • These computers were smaller, faster, more reliable, less expensive and accurate than those of first generation computer.
  •  Input and output devices were much faster than first generation computer.
  • They required less power and emitted less heat than vacuum tubes used in second generation.
  • Their operating speed was upto the microsecond range.
  • They used machine dependent (high level) programming language such as ALGOL, COBOL, FORTRAN etc for programming.

Examples: MARK III, UNIVAC II, IBM 1620, IBM 1401, ICL 2950/10 etc

Third Generation of Computers: 1965 to 1974 AD



The technology used in these computers was Integrated Circuits (ICs). This technology was developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958 AD.




Characteristic features of third-generation computers are as follows:

  • They used integrated circuits (ICs) as electronic circuits.
  • They used semiconductor devices as a primary storage.
  • They had large storage capacity.
  • Their operating speed was improved to nanosecond.
  • They were more reliable, much smaller in size, easier to operate and less expensive than previous generation computer.
  • They include multiprogramming, batch and time-sharing operating system.
  • They extensively used high level programming languages including Report Programming Generator  (RPG) and Pascal.

Examples: IBM 360, IBM 370 Series, ICL 900 Series etc.

Fourth Generation of Computers: 1975 to  present


The technology used in these computers was Microprocessor. This technology was developed by Dr Ted Hoff in 1971 AD.

Characteristic features of fourth-generation computers are as follows:

  • These computers used Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) called microprocessor chip as electronic circuits.
  • They used semi conductor memory like floppy disk, hard disk and magnetic tape for secondary storage.
  • Fourth generation computers are highly reliable and accurate.
  • Their operating speed was increased to pico-second.
  • Their size was reduced to micro computer such as desktop and laptop.
  • They understand many high level languages, and they are quiet user friendly.

Examples: IBM 3033, Apple II, SUPERBRAIN etc.

Fifth Generation of Computers: Under Development

The technology that will be used in these computers is Bio-chips also called Artificial Intelligence.

Characteristic features of fifth-generation computers are as follows:

  • Bio-chip and ULSI will be used as main component.
  • They will be able to understand natural language and will have thinking power called Artificial Intelligence (AI).
  • Intelligent programs can be used in the computer.
  • They will process non-numerical information such as pictures and graphics.
  • Knowledge based problem solving techniques can be implemented.
  • They will use super conductor as a main storage.
  • They will be using automatic programming computational logic.







Sunday, October 16, 2016

DELL XPS 13 - "World's smallest 13-inch laptop"



The XPS 13’s metal frame and compact 304 x 200 x 15mm dimensions give it a sleek premium look. Dell’s Infinity Edge screen tech is another pleasing feature. This reduces the screen’s bezel size to mere millimetres and according to Dell makes the XPS 13 the “world’s smallest 13-inch laptop”.
It's compact and well-built, with a gorgeous screen, fast performance and surprisingly good audio quality. You'll pay dearly to get it with a touchscreen, but even then, it's priced in line with other flagship Ultrabooks -- and in some ways it's a better choice, too. The standard, full HD model weighs only 2.7 pounds (1.2kg). Meanwhile, the touch-enabled, quad HD model weighs slightly more at 2.93 pounds (1.33kg)

Dell XPS 13 Full Specification Sheet:
ü  Stylish aluminium  and carbon fibre body
ü  Graphics: Intel HD Graphics 520
ü  Sixth Generation Intel CPU: 2.3GHz Intel Core i5-6200U (dual-core, 3MB cache, up to 2.8 GHz with Turbo Boost)
ü  Super fast RAM 8GB LPDDR3 (1,866MHz)
ü  Samsung 256 GB PCIe Solid State Drive
ü  Backlit keyboard
ü  Intel Skylake PCH-H High Definition Audio Controller
ü  Connectivity: 2 USB 3.0 / 3.1 Gen1, 1 USB 3.1 Gen2, 1 Thunderbolt, 1 DisplayPort, 1 Kensington Lock, 3.5 mm combo, SD / MMC Card Reader
ü  Excellent Wifi range with Dell Wireless 1820A 802.11ac (a/b/g/n/ac), Bluetooth 4.1
ü  Dimension: 1=0.73 x 11.97 x 7.87 inches
ü  56 Wh Lithium-Ion, 7435 mAh Battery
ü  Microsoft Windows 10 Home 64 Bit Operating System
ü  Webcam: 720p
ü  Great value - Price in Nepal: Rs. 1,10,000 – 1,15,000


Friday, May 20, 2016

SLC 2072 COMPUTER SCIENCE SOLVED PAPER

SLC 2072 COMPUTER SCIENCE SOLVED PAPER
Group - A
(Computer fundamentals)
    1.      Answer the following questions.

      a)      Define LAN topology. Draw star topology.
      Ans: The arrangement or connection pattern of nodes or computers and other devices of the network is called LAN topology.

      b)      Give any two symptoms of virus attacks.
Ans: The symptoms of virus attacks are:
       i)   Program takes more time to load, fail to load or hang frequently.
      ii) Unexpected messages or images appear suddenly on the screen.

      c)      Write one advantage and one disadvantage of multimedia.
Ans: The advantage of multimedia is:
       i)     One can present ideas, information to others in effective ways.
The disadvantage of multimedia is:
     i)    The cost of developing a multimedia product is high.

      d)     Write any two ways of protecting computer software.
Ans: The two ways of protecting computer software are:
       i)Antivirus Software
       ii)Backup System

      e)      Write any two services of internet.
Ans: The two services of internet are:
     i) WWW (World Wide Web)
     ii)E-mail

      2.      a)Convert as indicated: 
i)(208)10 into Binary 
Converting decimal to binary,

2
208
2
104
0
2
52
0
2
26
0
2
13
0
2
6
1
2
3
0
1
1

(208)10=(11010000)2

ii)(104)8 into decimal

Converting octal to decimal,
=1*82+0*81+4*80
=1*64+0*8+4*1
=64+0+4
=68

 (104)8=(68)10

b) Perform the binary calculations:

 i)1011+1101
                1011
            +  1101
               11000

1011+1101=11000

ii)110*11

             110
             *11
             110
       + 110x
          10010

110*11=10010

    3.      Match the following:
Answers:
    a)      Microwave        :           Unguided media
    b)      UTP                   :           Guided media
    c)      UPS                   :           Power protection device
    d)     SMTP                :            Protocol

    4.      State whether the following statements are true or false:
       a)      Walky-talky is an example of full duplex mode.
Ans: False
      b)      Data transfer rate is higher in optical fiber cable than in co-axial cable.
Ans: True
      c)      The computer security refers to hardware security only.
Ans: False
      d)     Sound Card is one of the components of multimedia.
Ans: True

    5.      Write the appropriate technical terms of the following:
a)      A program that can disinfect a file from virus.
Ans: Antivirus software
      b)      A person who steals or destroys other’s data, information, files and program.
Ans: Hacker
      c)      A company which provides the internet facilities.
Ans: ISP (Internet Service Provider)
      d)     A computer which provides services to other computers in a network.
Ans: Server Computer
    
    6.      Write the full forms of:
i)URL              : Uniform Resource Locator
ii)HTTP           : HyperText Transfer Protocol
iii)LAN            :Local Area Network
iv)MODEM     :Modulator-Demodulator

Group – B
(Database)
    7.      Answer the following questions:
       a)      Write any four data types used in Ms-ACCESS.
Ans: Four data types used in Ms-ACCESS are:
     i)     Text                 ii)   Number          iii) Currency        iv) Date/Time

      b)      Define database with example.
Ans: The systematic collection of organized and related information that can be used for different purposes is called database. For example: dictionary and telephone directory.

      c)      What is query?
Ans: A query is one of the objects of MS-Access that allows us to retrieve the desired information from a table or multiple linked tables.

    8.      State whether the following statements are true or false:
a)      A query is used to select fields and records from only one table.
Ans: False
      b)      MS-ACCESS is DBMS software.
Ans: True
      c)      Index decreases the speed of query and sort operations.
Ans: False
      d)     Data in primary key has to be unique and not null.
Ans: True

9.      Match the following:
         a)      OLE                          :       Data type
         b)      Validation Rule        :       Limits the value
         c)      Form                         :       Data Entry
         d)     Indexing                   :       Easy to search

Group - C
( Programming)
     10.  a) What is procedure?
Ans: The separate block of statements used by the module level code and called by any number of times is called procedure.

b) Write any two data types used in ‘c’ language.
Ans: The two data types used in the ‘c” language are:
     i)     int        ii)      float

c) Write down the functions of the following statements:

i) OPEN: It opens a sequential file for one of the three possible operations i.e. reading, writing or appending.
ii) MKDIR: It makes or creates a new directory on the specified disk.

      11.  Re-write the following program after correcting the bugs:

FUNCTION SUM(m,n)
Rem to print sum of two numbers
a=6
b=7
DISPLAY SUM(a,b)
END

FUNCTION SUM(m,n)
S=m+n
S=SUM
END SUM

Debugged program:
DECLARE FUNCTION SUM(m,n)
Rem to print sum of two numbers
a=6
b=7
PRINT SUM(a,b)
END

FUNCTION SUM(m,n)
S=m+n
SUM=S
END FUNCTION

 12.  Write the output of the following program:
 DECLARE FUNCTION Interest(p,t,r)
CLS
LET p=100
LET t=2
LET r=5
LET d=Interest(p,t,r)
PRINT “The simple interest=”;d
END

[possible missing code………]
FUNCTION Interest (p,t,r)
Interest=(p*t*r)/100
End FUNCTION

OUTPUT
If the sub module is missing then error message will be displayed.
Otherwise : The Output will be:
The simple interest = 10

    13.  Study the following program and answer the following questions:

DECLARE FUNCTION Prod(N)
INPUT “Any number”;N
X=Prod(N)
PRINT X
END

FUNCTION Prod(N)
F=1
FOR K=1 TO N
F=F*K
NEXT K
Prod=F
END FUNCTION
                                                                                               
      a)      Write the name of the user defined function used   in the above program.
Ans: The name of the user defined function used   in the above program is Prod.

     b)       Name the loop in the above program.
Ans: The loop in the above program is FOR…NEXT.

    14.  a) Write a program using SUB…..END SUB to display reverse of input-string.
DECLARE SUB REV(A$)
CLS
INPUT “ENTER ANY STRING”;A$
CALL REV(A$)
END

SUB REV(A$)
FOR I= 1 TO LEN(A$)
B$=MID$(A$,I,1)
W$=B$+W$
NEXT I
PRINT “REVERSED STRING=”W$
END SUB  

b) Write a program using FUNCTION…END FUNCTION to find area of the triangle.

 DECLARE FUNCTION AREA(B,H)
CLS
INPUT “ENTER BASE”;B
INPUT “ENTER HEIGHT”;H
PRINT “AREA OF TRIANGLE”;AREA(B,H)
END

FUNCTION AREA(B,H)
AREA=0.5*B*H
END FUNCTION

       c)      A sequential data file called “Marks.dat” contains NAME, AGE, CITY, and TELEPHONE fields. Write a program to display all the contents of the data file.

OPEN “Marks.dat” FOR INPUT AS #1
CLS
DO WHILE NOT EOF(1)
INPUT #1, N$, A, C$, T#
PRINT N$, A, C$, T#
LOOP
CLOSE #1
END

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